World History
The sweep of human history reveals patterns, progress, and the transformative impact of Christianity on civilization—evidence of providence at work.
Historical Patterns
History reveals patterns that suggest meaning and direction. The arc of history bends toward justice—but why should it, on a purely naturalistic view?
Moral progress is real but requires explanation. The abolition of slavery, the expansion of rights, the recognition of human dignity—these advances were driven by religious conviction.
- Moral Progress: The abolition of slavery, expansion of rights—often driven by religious conviction. Wilberforce, King, and countless others were motivated by faith.
- Resilience of Faith: Despite persecution and predictions of decline, religious faith persists and grows. The 20th century's atheist regimes failed; Christianity thrives in the Global South.
- Judgment on Evil: Tyrannies fall, injustice is eventually exposed—suggesting moral order in history. The Third Reich lasted 12 years, not 1000.
- Convergent Witness: Multiple independent historical streams—Jewish, Greek, Roman—converged to prepare for Christianity. This convergence suggests design.
Providence in History
The theistic view sees God's hand in history. Not as a puppet-master, but as a sovereign who works through human freedom toward his purposes.
The 'fullness of time' when Christ came was no accident. Roman roads, Greek language, Jewish diaspora, Pax Romana—all prepared the way for the Gospel's rapid spread.
- Preparation for Christ: The Roman Empire, Greek language, Jewish diaspora—prepared the way for the Gospel. Paul could travel safely and be understood everywhere.
- Preservation of Truth: Despite attempts to destroy it, Scripture and faith have been preserved. The Bible is the best-attested ancient document. The Church has survived every persecution.
- Redemption of Evil: God brings good from evil—the cross itself is the paradigm. Joseph's brothers meant evil, but God meant it for good.
- Kairos Moments: History has turning points—the Incarnation, the Reformation, the Great Awakenings. These 'kairos' moments suggest divine timing.