Formal Sciences
Mathematics, logic, and information theory investigate abstract structures and necessary truths that exist independently of physical instantiation.
Key Arguments from Formal Sciences
- Mathematical Realism: Mathematical objects exist independently of minds—but where? Theism locates them in the divine intellect.
- Unreasonable Effectiveness: Why does abstract mathematics describe physical reality so precisely? Design explains this correspondence.
- Gödel's Theorems: Formal systems cannot prove their own consistency—pointing to truths beyond mechanism.
- Information as Fundamental: Physics increasingly suggests information is more fundamental than matter—'it from bit.'
Information Sciences
The study of information, computation, and complex systems reveals the fundamental role of information in the structure of reality.
Logic
The study of valid reasoning reveals necessary laws that govern all possible thought—laws that require grounding.
Mathematics
The queen of sciences reveals necessary truths about abstract structures—truths that mysteriously describe physical reality.